[唾棄] 中時主筆張慧英抄襲紐約時報當作自己的特稿

看板media-chaos (媒亂(媒體亂象))作者sugarcain時間19年前 (2007/01/30 00:28)推噓16(17推 1噓 1→)

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請看官比較這兩篇文章所有的社會分析都一模一樣作為主筆的張慧英抄襲紐約時報還敢說是自己的特稿不要臉成這樣今日晚報 2007.01.29　書念太多會嫁不出去嗎？ http://0rz.tw/912kF 【中時電子報主筆張慧英/特稿】「女孩子書念太多，將來會嫁不出去」，這句話老人家常說。但是，也許要書念多一點，才能有幸福的婚姻喔。的確，現代都會社會裡，單身的人愈來愈多，傳統型態的婚姻與家庭反而逐漸退出主流。美國國家統計局最新的數據，嚇了大家一跳，單身女性的比率居然已經達到51%，過半了耶！那種女性獨善其身呢？想當然耳的推論，是學歷收入俱高而在婚姻市場「難銷」的女性，但其實未必。這項統計顛覆了一般的刻板印象，揭露出一個未受注意的事實：沒念過大學的女性，比念過大學的單身率更高。主要的原因，在於社會趨勢和經濟問題。過去女性習慣嫁給學歷和社經地位高於自己的男性、男性則娶學歷和社經地位低於自己的女性，以致於高學歷女性單身比例增加。但這個趨勢漸漸有了變化，轉變成「婚以類聚」的型態，亦即和自己學歷地位相當的人結婚。大部分人的生活圈裡都是同階級的人，交往對象也和自己差不多。無論是麻雀還是女傭，大概只有在電影裡才會變鳳凰。真實世界裡，女傭最可能交往的還是旅館的門房，而不是參議員。另外是錢的問題。在學歷高低之間，刻劃著一道婚姻差距。美國這項統計顯示，25歲到34歲的女性中，大學畢業者有59%已婚，非大學畢業者51%已婚； 35歲到44歲的女性中，大學畢業的有75%已婚，非大學畢業者62%已婚。所以，不是高學歷女性單身多，而是剛好相反。學歷高低可以決定職業、收入與社會地位。低學歷的女性通常只能找到收入較低的工作，工作與生活圈裡接觸到的男性也差不多，因此經濟能力不會特別強。在全球化浪潮下，藍領階級受創嚴重，學歷低的男性自顧不暇，一想到家計和萬一離婚的贍養費，就寧可繼續保持單身。相對地，女性如果生子，勢必影響工作和收入，所以也不得不把婚姻往後延，好多賺幾年錢。當然看對了眼還是有很多人選擇結婚，從此幸福度日的也是有，但萬一工作和經濟出了狀況，經濟壓力很容易破壞婚姻品質，甚至導致離婚。經濟穩定是維持婚姻的重要因素，低學歷者經濟能力確實比較脆弱，連帶也影響了對婚姻的獲得與維持。學歷影響收入，收入又影響婚姻。教育程度高的人，通常會和學歷收入也不錯的人結婚，遇到問題有較多的知識能力與社會資源去處理，低學歷低收入者的弱勢卻是環環相扣雪上加霜。這也是為什麼，美國不只低學歷的女性單身率高，非裔（黑人）女性的單身率更遠高於白種女性。而且即使是非裔女性，有大學文憑者的單身率同樣低於無大學文憑者。學歷除了帶來「婚姻差距」，更能導致「快樂差距」。有大學文憑者評價自己婚姻「非常快樂」的比率，遠高於沒有大學文憑者。看來「貧賤夫妻百事哀」這句古話，真是至理名言。現在很多人注意高學歷女性不結婚的問題，其實高學歷女性畢竟還可以養活自己，但低學歷女性的婚姻與生活困境，卻一直未受重視。在台灣這個隨人顧性命的社會，低學歷女性宛如風中柳絮水中飄萍，其實更需要注意與關照。所以，為了女兒好，鼓勵她多念書吧。 Why Are There So Many Single Americans? By KATE ZERNIKE New York Times Published: January 21, 2007 http://0rz.tw/aa2mv THE news that 51 percent of all women live without a spouse might be enough to make you invest in cat futures. Ron Barrett But consider, too, the flip side: about half of all men find themselves in the same situation. As the number of people marrying has dropped off in the last 45 years, the marriage rate has declined equally for men and for women. The stereotype has been cemented in the popular culture: the hard-charging career girl who gets her comeuppance, either violently or dying a slow death by late-night memo and Chinese takeout. Think Glenn Close in “Fatal Attraction” and Sigourney Weaver in “Working Girl,” two enduring icons. In last year’s model, Meryl Streep in “The Devil Wears Prada” ends up single, if still singularly successful. But when it comes to marriage, the two Americas aren’t divided by gender. And it’s not the career girls on the losing end. It’s their less educated manicurists or housekeepers, women who might arguably be less able to live on their own. The emerging gulf is instead one of class — what demographers, sociologists and those who study the often depressing statistics about the wedded state call a “marriage gap” between the well-off and the less so. Statistics show that college educated women are more likely to marry than non-college educated women — although they marry, on average, two years later. The popular image might have been true even 20 years ago — though generally speaking, most women probably didn’t boil the bunny rabbit the way Ms. Close’s character did in 1987. In the past, less educated women often “married up.” In “Working Girl,” Melanie Griffith triumphs. Now, marriage has become more one of equals; when more highly educated men marry, it tends to be more highly educated women. Today, Harrison Ford and Sigourney Weaver would live happily ever after. Women with more education also are becoming less likely to divorce, or inclined to divorce, than those with less education. They are even less likely to be widowed all in all, less likely to end up alone. “Educated women used to have a difficult time,” said David Popenoe, co-director of the National Marriage Project at Rutgers University. “Now they’re the most desired.” In Princeton, where he lives, men used to marry “way down the line,” Mr. Popenoe said. No more. The difference extends across race lines: black women are significantly less likely to marry than white women, but among blacks, women with a college education are more likely to marry than those who do not. Among women ages 25-34, 59 percent of college graduates are married, compared with 51 percent of non-college graduates, according to an analysis of the Census Bureau’s June 2006 Current Population Survey by Steven P. Martin, a sociologist at the University of Maryland. The same is true at older age groups: the difference is 75 percent to 62 percent for those ages 35-44, and 50 percent to 41 percent among those 65 and older. The difference is smaller between men and women. According to the census, 55 percent of men are married, down from 69.3 percent in 1960, and 51.5 percent of women are, down from 65.9 percent in 1960. The number of women living without a spouse is greater largely because women live longer, leaving them more likely to be widowed. Older men are also more likely to remarry. To control for these variables, consider 35-44 year olds. In 2005, according to the census, 66.2 percent of men in this age group were married, down from 88 percent in 1960; 67.2 percent of women were married, down from 87.4 percent. The marriage gap exists for men, too. But particularly at younger ages, it is not nearly as wide as it is among women. Commitment-averse men in their 20’s and 30’s, it turns out, look the same whether or not they have a college degree. In surveys and focus groups, they fit depressingly well into the old stereotypes: they fear marriage means a loss of liberty; they worry a wife will want to change them. They don’t trust women to tell the truth about past relationships, or they are waiting for the soul mate who hasn’t appeared. With the rising frequency of cohabitation, they can get sex without marriage, and they might lose their hard-earned money in a divorce, so what’s the rush? As a Marriage Project report concluded, with no biological or sociological clock ticking, “boys can remain boys indefinitely.” But that gap widens among older men. Among men ages 25 to 34, 50 percent of college graduates are married, compared to 47 percent of those who did not graduate from college. In older age brackets, there is a difference of 12 percentage points. The class gap happens in large part because, as Christopher Jencks, a professor of social policy at Harvard, said, “like marries like.” “If you wanted to predict the characteristics of who I would marry,” he said, “knowing my education, the strongest correlation you could observe is that someone who is educated is more likely to marry someone who is educated, and someone who is not educated is more likely to marry someone who is not educated.” Why have things changed so much for women who don’t have the choices that educated women have? While marriage used to be something you did before launching a life or career, now it is seen as something you do after you’re financially stable — when you can buy a house, say. The same is true for all classes. But the less educated may not get there. “Women are saying, ‘I’m not ready, I want to work for a while, the guys I hang around with don’t make enough money and they don’t want a commitment, ” Mr. Jencks said. “It’s the same thing a lot of African-American women in poor neighborhoods are saying. But there’s the difference that they’re having children.” Women of all education levels figure their earning power will flatten out after they have children, he said. “The longer you wait, the higher the level it flattens out at,” he said. “That’s a good argument to wait. For the less educated, there isn’t a steep increase in salary, so there’s less incentive to wait.” Maybe in the past, a man with little education nevertheless had a good-paying manufacturing job, with a health care and pension plan. He was a catch and represented stability. Today, it may be hyperbolic to talk about the emasculation of the blue-collar man. But it is not only liberals concerned with the wealth gap who are watching these national trends with alarm. Social and religious conservatives have called on society to do more to address economic strains faced by this class. “Marriage is more difficult today than it was in the past,” Mr. Popenoe said. “The people who excel in one area probably excel in that area, too. And people who are high school dropouts probably have a higher propensity to drop out of marriage.” The last 30 years have seen a huge shift in educated women’s attitudes about divorce. Mr. Martin, who has written about women and divorce, said that three decades ago, about 30 percent of women who had graduated from college said it should be harder to get a divorce. Now, about 65 percent say so, he said. But for less educated women and for men, the numbers have not changed; only 40 percent — a minority — say it should be harder to get a divorce. “The way we used to look at marriage was that if women were highly educated, they had higher earning power, they were more culturally liberal and people might have predicted less marriage among them,” Mr. Martin said. “What’s becoming more powerful is the idea that economic resources are conducive to stable marriages. Women who have more money or the potential for more money are married to men who have more stable income.” All this leads to a happiness gap, too. According to the Marriage Project, the percentage of spouses who rate their marriage as “very happy” has dropped among those without a college education, while it has risen or held steady among those better educated. The better educated husbands and wives tend to share intellectual interests and economic backgrounds, as well as ideas about the division of household roles. They also have more earning power. And as in so many other things, in marriage, money helps ease the way. -- ※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc) ◆ From: 68.72.128.254

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※ 編輯: sugarcain 來自: 68.72.128.254 (01/30 00:33)

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